Everything about The Phasianidae totally explained
The
Phasianidae is a
family of
birds which consists of the
pheasants and
partridges, and including the junglefowl, Old World quail, francolins, monals and peafowl. The family is a large one, containing 38
genera and around 138 species. The family is occasionally broken up into two subfamilies, the Phasianinae, which holds 49 species of pheasant, and the Perdicinae, which holds the 106 remaining species. Sometimes additional families and birds are treated as being in this family as well; the
American Ornithologists' Union includes
Tetraonidae,
Numididae, and
Meleagrididae in Phasianidae as subfamilies.
The pheasants and their allies are an Old World family, with a distribution that includes most of Europe and Asia (except the far north), all of
Africa except the driest deserts and down into much of eastern
Australia and (formerly)
New Zealand. The greatest diversity of species in in South East Asia and Africa. Amongst the pheasants, with the exception of the
Congo Peafowl, the distribution is entirely restricted to Asia; the Perdicinae have a much more widespread distribution. Within their range they occupy almost every available habitat except for boreal forest and tundra. The family is generally sedentary and resident, although some quails undertake long
migrations. Several species in the family have been widely
introduced around the world, particularly pheasants which have been introduced to Europe, Australia and the Americas. Captive populations of peacocks and chickens have also escaped and become
feral.
These are terrestrial, ground living species. Pheasants and their allies are variable in size and ranging from 43 g in the case of the
Asian Blue Quail to 6 k in the case of the
Indian Peafowl. There is generally
sexual dimorphism in size, with males tending to be larger than females. They are generally plump, with broad relatively short
wings and strong legs. Many have a
spur on their
legs, a feature shared with guineafowl and turkeys but no other galliform birds. The bill is short and generally strong, particularly in species that dig in order to obtain food. Males of the larger
species often have brightly coloured
plumage as well as facial ornamentations such as wattles or crests.
The pheasants and partridges have a varied diet, with foods taken ranging from purely vegetarian diets of seeds, leaves, fruits, tubers and roots; to small animals including insects, insect grubs and even small reptiles. Most species either specialise in feeding on plant matter or are predatory, although the chicks of most species are insectivorous.
In addition to the variation in diet there's a considerable amount of variation in breeding strategies amongst the Phasianidae. Compared to birds in general there's a large number of species that don't engage in
monogamy (the typical breeding system of most birds). The francolins of Africa and some partridges are reportedly monogamous, but polygamy has been reported in the pheasants and junglefowl, some quail, and the breeding displays of peacocks have been compared to those of a
lek. Nesting usually occurs on the ground; only the
tragopans nest higher up in stumps of bushes. Nests can vary from monds of vegetation to slight scrapes in the ground. As many as 18 eggs can be laid in the nest, although 7-12 is the more usual number, with smaller numbers in tropical species.
Incubation is almost always performed by the female only, and last from 14-30 days depending on the species.
Several species of pheasant and partridge are extremely important to humans. The
Red Junglefowl of South East Asia is the wild ancestor of the domesticated
chicken, the most important bird in agriculture.
Ring-necked Pheasants, several partridge and quail species and some francolins have been widely introduced and managed as game birds for hunting. Several species are
threatened by human activities.
Genera
Genus Tetraogallus (Snowcocks, 5 species)
Genus Francolinus (Francolins, 41 species)
Genus Galloperdix (Spurfowls, 3 species)
Genus Tragopan (Tragopans, 5 species)
Genus Lophophorus (Monals, 3 species)
Peafowl (may be part of a distinct family):
Genus Gallus (Junglefowls including the domestic chicken, 5 species)Further Information
Get more info on 'Phasianidae'.
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